使用 efibootmgr 管理 UEFI 的启动项

 使用 efibootmgr 管理 UEFI 启动项

我喜歡在電腦上同時安裝多個作業系統，來嘗試和比較各個作業系統不同之處，例如我現在就裝了４個作業系統在我的電腦上，計有 WIN 11, Arch Linux, KDE Neon 和EndeavourOS。除了 WIN 11外，我是會不時更換那些 Linux OS。

當我經常更換那些 Linux 作業系統時，問題就出現了：當一個 Linux 業系統被刪除後，它的引導程式（GRUB）仍會留在 UEFI 上。UEFI 只得 100 M 很快就會用完，導致可能開不了機。

幸好，在 Linux 上有一個應用，efibootmgr，可以用來處理這方面的問題。

開啟 Terminal  (Ctl-Alt-T) ,輸入 efibootmgr, 便會得出下圖:

這是我部電腦上的 UEFI 內容，每个系统都在EFI分區建立了自己的啟動文件。所有都是我現已裝的，或是曾經安裝過的 OS 啟動文件，計有 MX Linux, KDE Neon, Arch Linux, Ubuntu, EndeavourOS, Garuda Linux。最離譜的是 EndeavourOS, 它每升級一次便制做另一個新的的啟動文件，所以便有 EndeavourOS-7279,  EndeavourOS-6250,  EndeavourOS-2473 等，要刪除時須要特別小心。

從上圖我們還可看到開機時的 Boot Order、次序首先是 Arch Linux (0005)，其次是Windows Boot Manager (0000) ，如此類推。如果想將次序改變，我們輸入類似如下的命令

sudo efibootmgr -o 0000, 0005, 0003, 0004, ....

這樣便會將 Boot Order 改為 Windows Boot Manager (0000) 第一，其次才到 Arch Linux (0005)，.....。

​如想刪除 UEFI 多餘的啟動項？我們可以輸入類似如下的命令

sudo efibootmgr -b 000A -B        #刪除 Garuda (000A)

sudo efibootmgr -b 0008 -B        #刪除 endeavouros-6250 (0008)

 

刪除完了以上的啟動項後，再輸入命令 efibootmgr 便得下圖︓

註︓

如想參閱 efibootmgr 的詳細用法，我們只​要輸入以下命令：

 efibootmgr -h

 

刪除完啟動項後，其實實還有很多相關而不再用的 folder 存在 EFI folder 里面，最好便是一併清除掉。以下是 ARCH LINUX 的做法。

我的 EFI FOLDER 是在  /dev/nvme0n1p1 ，於是我需要輸入以下命令:

sudo mount /dev/nvme0n1p1 /mnt

dolphin --sudo mnt

以下視窗便會彈出:

 表 'Act as Administrator' --> 輸入密碼後:

 

開啟 EFI folder:

 便會看見所有我曾經安裝過的 OS 的 folder。刪除那些不再需要的 OS folder 便可。

 

 

 

  

A wonderful Boot Manager --- rEFIND

 A wonderful Boot Manager --- rEFIND

 

Faced with the many bugs of both GRUB and GRUB-Customizer, I was unable to have a workable multi-boot menu. So I was forced to try other alternatives.

I have tried systemd-boot which is quite nice and boots up very fast. However, due to my limited experience I can only obtain a dual boot menu (EndeavourOS + WIN 11) but not a multi boot one.

So I tried some others. Luckily it let me find rEFIND which meets all my requirements.

The bootup menu for rEFIND looks something like this:

rEFIND is a relative new boot manager. It is meant for UEFI-based machines only, not for BIOS-based.

rEFIND is highly customizable and has a wide variety of themes that are easy to install. It supports x86, x86-64, and ARM64 architecture.

How to install and use rEFIND

It is easy to install in the linux environment. Since I am using EndeavourOS, I could first install the refind package with this command line:

sudo pacman -S refind

After that I still need to install it to the EFI system partition with this command:

refind-install

refind-install is the script included in the refind package that is why I have to install refind first.

To set rEFIND as a default EFI boot entry, I still need to run the BIOS setup and use the BIOS menu to set it as the first priority to boot. In some situation, the installation process may have set this up for you.

rEFInd will find and mount your ESP, copy rEFInd files to esp/EFI/refind/ (and use efibootmgr to make rEFInd the default EFI boot application).

By default, rEFInd will scan all of your drives and add a boot entry for each EFI bootloader it finds, which should include your kernel. So you may have a bootable system.

The boot screen created by rEFInd could be quite crowded because Refind will show boot entries for any EFI-executable or kernel that it finds on any partition.

If a Linux system has multiple kernels installed, then Refind will add a boot entry for each kernel. For each entry you can see on the menu, file path of the EFI-executable or kernel that it will boot.

To make the boot screen look nicer, we can hide some of the entries for .efi executables that are installed in ESP.

To hide an entry, simply select it with the arrow keys on your keyboard, and then press Delete.

The next time you restart the system, you will see the changes. It could look as simple as this one:

 

 

If rEFIND uses a generic icon (a penguin) for your operating system, you can replace it with the correct one, but this will demand some study and tedious work.

You may also change the theme of the boot up menu. Refind has a large selection of community-made themes that can be installed manually. Some of the popular ones are shown below.

Customizing rEFIND

rEFIND can be customized by editing the configuration file, refind.conf, which is located in the /boot/efi/EFI/refind directory on linux systems. the refind.conf can be opened with this command (Arch linux):

sudo nano /boot/efi/EFI/refind/refind.conf

I have used this approach to edit the waiting time allowing me to choose between different operating systems when my computer boots up. The default waiting time set by rEFIND is 20 seconds which is too long. I have changed it to 5 seconds.

 

Removing rEFIND

rEFIND can be removed with this command

sudo rm -rf /boot/efi/EFI/refind 

 

幾塊蝴蝶 ALC 底板

蝴蝶（Butterfly）的 ALC 底板是最成功和最受欢迎的纤维底板。ALC 纤维结合了芳基纤维的柔韧、高弹性和碳素纤维的刚性、高速度，提供了良好的控制、旋转和速度的平衡。

蝴蝶主要的 ALC 底板型号有：

1. Viscaria（维斯卡利亚）

七層外置结构： 林巴面材 + ALC + 阿尤斯力材 + 桐木大芯 + 阿尤斯力材 + ALC + 林巴面材
厚度：约5.8mm
重量：约88-92g
全面均衡：在速度、旋转、控制之间取得了极佳的平衡。无明显短板，适应多种打法。
弧圈利器：持球感良好，制造旋转能力强，弧线饱满，中远台底劲充沛。
扎实稳定：手感清晰通透，击球反馈忠实，防守稳健。
适用范围广：适合以弧圈结合快攻为主的全面型打法。是很多追求高性能和全面性的玩家的首选。


2. Zhang Jike ALC（张继科ALC）
结构：与维斯卡利亚结构几乎完全相同。主要区别在于手柄设计和部分批次厚度 / 重量的细微差异。
厚度： 通常比维斯卡利亚略薄一点（约5.6-5.8mm）
重量：与维斯卡利亚类似
特色：维斯卡利亚的“兄弟款”：性能非常接近维斯卡利亚。
手感稍柔和： 由于可能略薄或个体差异，部分使用者感觉其比维斯卡利亚手感稍软一点点，控制感更强一点，绝对速度可能略逊一丝丝。
侧重控制与连续性： 同样非常全面，但可能更偏向于强调控制和连续弧圈的能力。

3. Lin Gaoyuan ALC（林高远 ALC）
结构：蔻头面材 + ALC + 阿尤斯力材 + 桐木大芯  (外置结构，但面材不同)
厚度：约5.8mm
重量：约88-92g 
面材变化：最大的特色在于使用 蔻头（Koto）作为面材。蔻头比林巴更硬、更脆。
一速突出：蔻头面材带来了更直接、更快的第一速度，近台快攻和借力反弹非常犀利。
手感硬朗清晰：击球感比林巴面材的 ALC更硬挺、脆爽，手感反馈更直接清晰。
旋转稍逊：相比林巴面材的维斯卡利亚 /张继科 ALC，持球制造旋转的能力可能略弱一点点，但依然优秀。
适合近台快弧：非常适合注重速度、近台压迫性强、衔接快速的打法。

4. Timo Boll ALC（波尔ALC）
结构：林巴面材 + ALC + 阿尤斯力材 + 阿尤斯大芯 + 阿尤斯力材 + ALC + 林巴面材，大芯不用桐木。
厚度：约5.9mm
重量：通常比桐木大芯的 ALC 稍重一些（90g+很常见）
特色：用阿尤斯而不是桐木為大芯，阿尤斯通常比桐木更硬、形变更大。
底劲澎湃：中远台对拉时底劲非常充沛，力量上限更高，二跳下扎感强。
弧线长、顶：出球弧线更长、更顶，压迫性强。
手感稍“喷”：阿尤斯大芯在发力时形变感更强，可能会感觉比桐木大芯的 ALC 更“喷”一点，需要更好的控制能力。
速度旋转俱佳：同样兼具良好的速度和旋转能力。
适合中远台弧圈：是力量型弧圈选手，尤其是喜欢在中远台周旋、追求单板质量的选手的理想选择。


5. Harimoto Tomokazu ALC（张本智和ALC）
内置结构：林巴面材 + 阿尤斯力材 + ALC + 桐木大芯，ALC 纤维层在力材之下、大芯之上
厚度：约5.8mm
重量：约88-92g
特色：最大的特色是采用了内置结构（Innerforce Layer ALC）。纤维层更靠近大芯。
小力量柔和：在小力量下（如台内控制、防守）手感非常接近纯木，柔和易控，容错性高。
发力后纤维作用凸显：发力击打或拉冲时，ALC 纤维的作用才被充分激发，提供强大的支撑力和速度。
弧线好、旋转强：持球感好，制造旋转能力强，弧线稳定。
均衡偏控制：整体风格更偏向控制和稳定，同时不失威力。适合追求良好手感和控制，同时需要一定速度支撑的选手。尤其适合反手利或注重衔接的打法。

6. Lee Sangsu ALC（李尚洙ALC）
结构：经典外置结构，同维斯卡利亚、张继科ALC 一樣
厚度/重量：类似维斯卡利亚
特色：外置ALC的另一种选择：与维斯卡利亚、张继科ALC相同。
手感差异：根据部分使用者反馈和个体差异，可能手感上会比维斯卡利亚稍微硬朗一点点、脆一点点，速度感略强一丝丝，控制感可能略逊一丝丝。

套膠配罝
 

一、通用黄金搭配（适合大多数ALC底板）
1. 正手：
- 粘性国套：红双喜 狂飚3（蓝海绵）（省队 / 国狂版本更佳），特点：旋转强、弧线贼、小力量控制好，需灌油（推荐尼奥版免灌）
- 红双喜 天极3（蓝海绵），特点：弧线低平，台内控制更稳，适合连续进攻 
- 高粘外套：
- 挺拔 K2/K2 Pro，德系粘套，免灌胶，速度旋转均衡，通透性强 
- 岸度 锐煞 R48，粘性胶面+高弹海绵，旋转强且易透板 


2. 反手：
- 涩性外套：蝴蝶 Tenergy 05 FX ，高容错、易透板，拧拉弧线好，适合反手主动发力*
- 蝴蝶 Rozena，Tenergy平替，性价比高，控制出色 
- 多尼克 Bluegrip M2，德系蛋糕海绵，旋转强、防守稳定 


二、按底板特性细分推荐**
1. 外置ALC（Viscaria / 张继科ALC / 林高远ALC） 
- 正手需求：加强旋转和持球感
- 推荐：狂飚3（39°）、挺拔K2、Victas TD >
- 反手需求：提升速度和借力
- 推荐：Tenergy 05、Dignics 05、岸度 R47


2. 内置ALC（张本智和ALC / Innerforce Layer ALC） 
- 正手需求**：发挥大芯形变优势 ，推荐：狂飚3（40°）、尼塔库 G1、蝴蝶 D09c
- 反手需求：强化速度和脆弹感 ，推荐：Tenergy 64、Dignics 64、TSP Ventus Speed


3. 阿尤斯大芯 ALC（波尔ALC）

- 正手需求：控制底劲爆发力 ，推荐：蝴蝶 D05、岸度 R53、骄猛 欧米茄7 Asia
- 反手需求：稳定支撑，推荐：蝴蝶 D80、挺拔 EL-P

三、性价比方案
正手: 729 奔腾2 省套 | 粘性足，免灌胶，旋转接近狂飚
正手: 拍里奥 蓝海绵天神 | 高性价比粘套，速度快易透板 
反手: 骄猛 红V | 轻快易控，拧拉稳定
反手: 岸度 锐煞 R42 | 旋转强，适合摩擦型反手 |

四、职业选手参考配置
- 樊振东（Viscaria）：正手狂飚3（蓝海绵40°）+ 反手Dignics 09c
- 张本智和（张本ALC）：正手D05 + 反手Tenergy 05
- 波尔（波尔ALC）：正手D09c + 反手Dignics 64
- 林高远（林高远ALC）：正手狂飚3（41°）+ 反手Tenergy 05

Things to do after installing artix-plasma-dinit

Artix linux with various desktop environments can be downloaded from here:

https://mirrors.ocf.berkeley.edu/artix-iso/

 

I installe Artix Linux solely because I was impressed by its high average rating (9.27/10) in the Distrowatch rankig list. 9.27 is the highest of all distro ratings.

Another reason is that I just want to try a systemd-free distros to gain some experience. Artix is the one. Artix offers a choice of OpenRC, runit, s6, or dinit as part of its core system.

After installation, I found Artix has the following performance benefits:

Faster Boot Times: It takes only about 8 seconds to startup.

More Responsive:
The absence of systemd and its associated overhead has led to a more responsive system, especially when running multiple applications.

Reduced Memory Usage:
A system without systemd dependencies had resulted in lower memory usage, which can be beneficial for users with limited RAM.

Gaming Performance:
Gaming performance on Artix is excellent due to its lightweight nature and ability to fine-tune the system for specific needs.

Of course Artix is not flawless. There are issues that I found quite annoying.

On starting up, the Numlock is not turned on; the system sound is muted; hotkeys for window tiling and switching of virtual desktops are not ready. The following is what I will do after installing Artix linux to suit my needs.


After installation, the firest thing is to update the System:

sudo pacman -Syu

Installing my favourite Applications:

sudo pacman -S yt-dlp smplayer firefox libreoffice-fresh


There are other applications needed to be installed from AUR with yay. But yay is not in the Artix Linux system, so it is to be installed first:

sudo pacman -S --needed git base-devel

git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay.git

cd yay

makepkg -si

After that, my other Apps from AUR can be installed using the following command line:


yay -S gparted noto-fonts-cjk freefilesync gnome-disk-utility qmplay2 stacer-bin 4kvideodownloader google-chrome losslesscut-bin stremio tv-lite celluloid ibus ibus-table-chinese



As Artix is systemd-free, acestreamplayer cannot be installed. In order to enjoy acestream videos, I can only rely on acestream-engine and acestream-launcher.

yay -S acestream-engine acestream-launcher



Numlock issue

To turn the Numlock on when system starts up:

System Settings --> Keyboard --> change the option for 'NumLock on startup' to 'Turn on'



System Sound muted issue

Using the Terminal the sound level can be set to 50% with this command line:

amixer -q set Master 50% unmute

But, in order to run this command line on startup we need to create an executable file containig the above command.

First, make sure that the command 'amixer' exits by typing ‘amixer info’ in the Terminal.

If amixer dose not exist, we then need to install alsa-utils with

sudo pacman -S alsa-utils.


Create a run file (set-alsa-volume) with commands

sudo nano /usr/local/bin/set-alsa-volume

in the file add these commands:

#!/bin/sh

#Set volume to 50%

amixer -q set Master 50% unmute

The result should look like this:

Then make the file, 'set-alsa-volume'  executable with this command line:

sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/set-alsa-volume

 

In order for 'set-alsa-volume' to run on startup, we need to add it to the Autostart List.

Autostart --> Add New --> Application --> type set-alsa-volume in the space provided

--> Click Terminal options --> Click Run in terminal --> OK


Tweaks for window tiling hot keys:

System Settings --> Shortcuts --> Kwin (System Settings) --> look for Quick Tile Window ...

Quick Tile Window to the Bottom Left --> Meta+End

Quick Tile Window to the Bottom Right --> Meta+PgDown

Quick Tile Window to the Left --> Meta+Left (Arrow)

Quick Tile Window to the Right --> Meta+Right (Arrow)

Quick Tile Window to the Top Left --> Meta+Home

Quick Tile Window to the Top Right --> Meta+PgUp


Hot Keys for switching between virtual desktops:

System Settings --> Shortcuts --> Kwin --> Switch to desktop 1 --> Ctl-F1

 --> Switch to desktop 2 --> Ctl-F2

and son